Inter-Blockchain Communication: Basics

The Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC) is an important part of the Cosmos SDK ecosystem. The Hello World tutorial is a time-honored tradition in computer programming. This tutorial builds an understanding of how to create and send packets across blockchain. This foundational knowledge helps you navigate between blockchains with the Cosmos SDK.

You will learn how to

• Use IBC to create and send packets between blockchains.
• Navigate between blockchains using the Cosmos SDK and the Ignite CLI Relayer.
• Create a basic blog post and save the post on another blockchain.

What is IBC?

The Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC) allows blockchains to talk to each other. IBC handles transport across different sovereign blockchains. This end-to-end, connection-oriented, stateful protocol provides reliable, ordered, and authenticated communication between heterogeneous blockchains.

The IBC protocol in the Cosmos SDK is the standard for the interaction between two blockchains. The IBCmodule interface defines how packets and messages are constructed to be interpreted by the sending and the receiving blockchain.

The IBC relayer lets you connect between sets of IBC-enabled chains. This tutorial teaches you how to create two blockchains and then start and use the relayer with Ignite CLI to connect two blockchains.

This tutorial covers essentials like modules, IBC packets, relayer, and the lifecycle of packets routed through IBC.

Create a blockchain

Create a blockchain app with a blog module to write posts on other blockchains that contain the Hello World message. For this tutorial, you can write posts for the Cosmos SDK universe that contain Hello Mars, Hello Cosmos, and Hello Earth messages.

For this simple example, create an app that contains a blog module that has a post transaction with title and text.

After you define the logic, run two blockchains that have this module installed.

• The chains can send posts between each other using IBC.

• On the sending chain, save the acknowledged and timed out posts.

After the transaction is acknowledged by the receiving chain, you know that the post is saved on both blockchains.

• The sending chain has the additional data postID.

• Sent posts that are acknowledged and timed out contain the title and the target chain of the post. These identifiers

• are visible on the parameter chain. The following chart shows the lifecycle of a packet that travels through IBC.

Build your blockchain app

Use Ignite CLI to scaffold the blockchain app and the blog module.

Build a new blockchain

To scaffold a new blockchain named planet:

ignite scaffold chain planet --no-module
cd planet

A new directory named planet is created in your home directory. The planet directory contains a working blockchain app.

Scaffold the blog module inside your blockchain

Next, use Ignite CLI to scaffold a blog module with IBC capabilities. The blog module contains the logic for creating blog posts and routing them through IBC to the second blockchain.

To scaffold a module named blog:

ignite scaffold module blog --ibc

A new directory with the code for an IBC module is created in planet/x/blog. Modules scaffolded with the --ibc flag include all the logic for the scaffolded IBC module.

Generate CRUD actions for types

Next, create the CRUD actions for the blog module types.

Use the ignite scaffold list command to scaffold the boilerplate code for the create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) actions.

These ignite scaffold list commands create CRUD code for the following transactions:

• Creating blog posts

ignite scaffold list post title content creator --no-message --module blog

• Processing acknowledgments for sent posts

ignite scaffold list sentPost postID:uint title chain creator --no-message --module blog

• Managing post timeouts

ignite scaffold list timeoutPost title chain creator --no-message --module blog

The scaffolded code includes proto files for defining data structures, messages, messages handlers, keepers for modifying the state, and CLI commands.

Ignite CLI Scaffold List Command Overview

ignite scaffold list [typeName] [field1] [field2] ... [flags]

The first argument of the ignite scaffold list [typeName] command specifies the name of the type being created. For the blog app, you created post, sentPost, and timeoutPost types.

The next arguments define the fields that are associated with the type. For the blog app, you created title, content, postID, and chain fields.

The --module flag defines which module the new transaction type is added to. This optional flag lets you manage multiple modules within your Ignite CLI app. When the flag is not present, the type is scaffolded in the module that matches the name of the repo.

When a new type is scaffolded, the default behavior is to scaffold messages that can be sent by users for CRUD operations. The --no-message flag disables this feature. Disable the messages option for the app since you want the posts to be created upon reception of IBC packets and not directly created from a user's messages.

Scaffold a sendable and interpretable IBC packet

You must generate code for a packet that contains the title and the content of the blog post.

The ignite packet command creates the logic for an IBC packet that can be sent to another blockchain.

• The title and content are stored on the target chain.

• The postID is acknowledged on the sending chain.

To scaffold a sendable and interpretable IBC packet:

ignite scaffold packet ibcPost title content --ack postID:uint --module blog

Notice the fields in the ibcPost packet match the fields in the post type that you created earlier.

• The --ack flag defines which identifier is returned to the sending blockchain.

• The --module flag specifies to create the packet in a particular IBC module.

The ignite packet command also scaffolds the CLI command that is capable of sending an IBC packet:

planetd tx blog send-ibcPost [portID] [channelID] [title] [content]

Modify the source code

After you create the types and transactions, you must manually insert the logic to manage updates in the database. Modify the source code to save the data as specified earlier in this tutorial.

Add creator to the blog post packet

Start with the proto file that defines the structure of the IBC packet.

To identify the creator of the post in the receiving blockchain, add the creator field inside the packet. This field was not specified directly in the command because it would automatically become a parameter in the SendIbcPost CLI command.

proto/planet/blog/packet.proto

message IbcPostPacketData {
  string title = 1;
  string content = 2;
  string creator = 3;
}

To make sure the receiving chain has content on the creator of a blog post, add the msg.Creator value to the IBC packet.

• The content of the sender of the message is automatically included in SendIbcPost message.
• The sender is verified as the signer of the message, so you can add the msg.Sender as the creator to the new packet
• before it is sent over IBC.

x/blog/keeper/msg_server_ibc_post.go

package keeper

func (k msgServer) SendIbcPost(goCtx context.Context, msg *types.MsgSendIbcPost) (*types.MsgSendIbcPostResponse, error) {
    // validate incoming message
    if _, err := k.addressCodec.StringToBytes(msg.Creator); err != nil {
        return nil, errorsmod.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidAddress, fmt.Sprintf("invalid address: %s", err))
    }

    if msg.Port == "" {
        return nil, errorsmod.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidRequest, "invalid packet port")
    }

    if msg.ChannelID == "" {
        return nil, errorsmod.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidRequest, "invalid packet channel")
    }

    if msg.TimeoutTimestamp == 0 {
        return nil, errorsmod.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidRequest, "invalid packet timeout")
    }

    // TODO: logic before transmitting the packet

    // Construct the packet
    var packet types.IbcPostPacketData

    packet.Title = msg.Title
    packet.Content = msg.Content
    packet.Creator = msg.Creator

    // Transmit the packet
    ctx := sdk.UnwrapSDKContext(goCtx)
    _, err := k.TransmitIbcPostPacket(
        ctx,
        packet,
        msg.Port,
        msg.ChannelID,
        clienttypes.ZeroHeight(),
        msg.TimeoutTimestamp,
    )
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    return &types.MsgSendIbcPostResponse{}, nil
}

Receive the post

The methods for primary transaction logic are in the x/blog/keeper/ibc_post.go file. Use these methods to manage IBC packets:

• TransmitIbcPostPacket is called manually to send the packet over IBC. This method also defines the logic before the packet is sent over IBC to another blockchain app.
• OnRecvIbcPostPacket hook is automatically called when a packet is received on the chain. This method defines the packet reception logic.
• OnAcknowledgementIbcPostPacket hook is called when a sent packet is acknowledged on the source chain. This method defines the logic when the packet has been received.
• OnTimeoutIbcPostPacket hook is called when a sent packet times out. This method defines the logic when the packet is not received on the target chain

You must modify the source code to add the logic inside those functions so that the data tables are modified accordingly.

On reception of the post message, create a new post with the title and the content on the receiving chain.

To identify the blockchain app that a message is originating from and who created the message, use an identifier in the following format:

<portID>-<channelID>-<creatorAddress>

Finally, the Ignite CLI-generated AppendPost function returns the ID of the new appended post. You can return this value to the source chain through acknowledgment.

Append the type instance as PostId on receiving the packet:

• The context ctx is an immutable data structure that has header data from the transaction. See how the context is initiated
• The identifier format that you defined earlier
• The title is the Title of the blog post
• The content is the Content of the blog post

Then modify the OnRecvIbcPostPacket keeper function with the following code:

x/blog/keeper/ibc_post.go

package keeper

func (k Keeper) OnRecvIbcPostPacket(ctx sdk.Context, packet channeltypes.Packet, data types.IbcPostPacketData) (packetAck types.IbcPostPacketAck, err error) {
    packetAck.PostId, err = k.PostSeq.Next(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return packetAck, err
    }
    return packetAck, k.Post.Set(ctx, packetAck.PostId, types.Post{Title: data.Title, Content: data.Content})
}

Receive the post acknowledgement

On the sending blockchain, store a sentPost so you know that the post has been received on the target chain.

Store the title and the target to identify the post.

When a packet is scaffolded, the default type for the received acknowledgment data is a type that identifies if the packet treatment has failed. The Acknowledgement_Error type is set if OnRecvIbcPostPacket returns an error from the packet.

x/blog/keeper/ibc_post.go

package keeper

func (k Keeper) OnAcknowledgementIbcPostPacket(ctx sdk.Context, packet channeltypes.Packet, data types.IbcPostPacketData, ack channeltypes.Acknowledgement) error {
    switch dispatchedAck := ack.Response.(type) {
    case *channeltypes.Acknowledgement_Error:
        // We will not treat acknowledgment error in this tutorial
        return nil
    case *channeltypes.Acknowledgement_Result:
        // Decode the packet acknowledgment
        var packetAck types.IbcPostPacketAck
        if err := types.ModuleCdc.UnmarshalJSON(dispatchedAck.Result, &packetAck); err != nil {
            // The counter-party module doesn't implement the correct acknowledgment format
            return errors.New("cannot unmarshal acknowledgment")
        }

        seq, err := k.SentPostSeq.Next(ctx)
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }

        return k.SentPost.Set(ctx, seq,
            types.SentPost{
                PostId: packetAck.PostId,
                Title:  data.Title,
                Chain:  packet.DestinationPort + "-" + packet.DestinationChannel,
            },
        )
    default:
        return errors.New("the counter-party module does not implement the correct acknowledgment format")
    }
}

Store information about the timed-out packet

Store posts that have not been received by target chains in timeoutPost posts. This logic follows the same format as sentPost.

x/blog/keeper/ibc_post.go

func (k Keeper) OnTimeoutIbcPostPacket(ctx sdk.Context, packet channeltypes.Packet, data types.IbcPostPacketData) error {
    seq, err := k.TimeoutPostSeq.Next(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    return k.TimeoutPost.Set(ctx, seq,
        types.TimeoutPost{
            Title: data.Title,
            Chain: packet.DestinationPort + "-" + packet.DestinationChannel,
        },
    )
}

This last step completes the basic blog module setup. The blockchain is now ready!

Use the IBC modules

You can now spin up the blockchain and send a blog post from one blockchain app to the other. Multiple terminal windows are required to complete these next steps.

Test the IBC modules

To test the IBC module, start two blockchain networks on the same machine. Both blockchains use the same source code. Each blockchain has a unique chain ID.

One blockchain is named earth and the other blockchain is named mars.

The earth.yml and mars.yml files are required in the project directory:

earth.yml

version: 1
build:
  proto:
    path: proto
accounts:
- name: alice
  coins:
  - 1000token
  - 100000000stake
- name: bob
  coins:
  - 500token
  - 100000000stake
faucet:
  name: bob
  coins:
  - 5token
  - 100000stake
  host: 0.0.0.0:4500
genesis:
  chain_id: earth
validators:
- name: alice
  bonded: 100000000stake
  home: $HOME/.earth

mars.yml

version: 1
build:
  proto:
    path: proto
accounts:
- name: alice
  coins:
  - 1000token
  - 1000000000stake
- name: bob
  coins:
  - 500token
  - 100000000stake
faucet:
  name: bob
  coins:
  - 5token
  - 100000stake
  host: :4501
genesis:
  chain_id: mars
validators:
- name: alice
  bonded: 100000000stake
  app:
    api:
      address: :1318
    grpc:
      address: :9092
    grpc-web:
      address: :9093
  config:
    p2p:
      laddr: :26658
    rpc:
      laddr: :26659
      pprof_laddr: :6061
  home: $HOME/.mars

Open a terminal window and run the following command to start the earth blockchain:

ignite chain serve -c earth.yml

Open a different terminal window and run the following command to start the mars blockchain:

ignite chain serve -c mars.yml

Remove Existing Relayer and Ignite CLI Configurations

If you previously used the relayer, follow these steps to remove exiting relayer and Ignite CLI configurations:

• Stop your blockchains and delete previous configuration files:

  rm -rf ~/.ignite/relayer

If existing relayer configurations do not exist, the command returns no matches found and no action is taken.

Configure and start the relayer

First, add the Hermes relayer app.

ignite app install -g github.com/ignite/apps/hermes

and after configure the relayer.

ignite relayer hermes configure \                        
"earth" "http://localhost:26657" "http://localhost:9090" \
"mars" "http://localhost:26659" "http://localhost:9092" \
--chain-a-faucet "http://0.0.0.0:4500" \
--chain-b-faucet "http://0.0.0.0:4501" \
--chain-a-port-id "blog" \
--chain-b-port-id "blog" \
--channel-version "blog-1"

When prompted, press Enter to accept the default values for Chain A Account and Chain B Account.

The output looks like:

Hermes config created at /Users/danilopantani/.ignite/relayer/hermes/earth_mars
? Chain earth doesn't have a default Hermes key. Type your mnemonic to continue or type enter to generate a new one: (optional) 
New mnemonic generated: danger plate flavor twist chimney myself sketch assist copy expand core tattoo ignore ensure quote mean forum carbon enroll gadget immense grab early maze
Chain earth key created
Chain earth relayer wallet: cosmos1jk6wmyl880j6t9vw6umy9v8ex0yhrfwgx0vv2d
New balance from faucet: 100000stake,5token
? Chain mars doesn't have a default Hermes key. Type your mnemonic to continue or type enter to generate a new one: (optional) 
New mnemonic generated: invest box icon session lens demise purse link boss dwarf give minimum jazz eye vocal seven sunset coach express want ask version anger ranch
Chain mars key created
Chain mars relayer wallet: cosmos1x9kt37c0sutanaqwy9gxpvq5990yt0qnpqntmp
New balance from faucet: 100000stake,5token
Client '07-tendermint-0' created (earth -> mars)
Client 07-tendermint-0' created (mars -> earth)
Connection 'earth (connection-0) <-> mars (connection-0)' created
Channel 'earth (channel-0) <-> mars (channel-0)' created

Now start the relayer:

ignite relayer hermes start "earth" "mars"

Send packets

You can now send packets and verify the received posts:

planetd tx blog send-ibc-post blog channel-0 "Hello" "Hello Mars, I'm Alice from Earth" --from alice --chain-id earth --home ~/.earth

To verify that the post has been received on Mars:

planetd q blog list-post --node tcp://localhost:26659

The packet has been received:

Post:
  - content: Hello Mars, I'm Alice from Earth
    creator: blog-channel-0-cosmos1aew8dk9cs3uzzgeldatgzvm5ca2k4m98xhy20x
    id: "0"
    title: Hello
pagination:
  next_key: null
  total: "1"

To check if the packet has been acknowledged on Earth:

planetd q blog list-sent-post

Output:

SentPost:
  - chain: blog-channel-0
    creator: cosmos1aew8dk9cs3uzzgeldatgzvm5ca2k4m98xhy20x
    id: "0"
    postID: "0"
    title: Hello
pagination:
  next_key: null
  total: "1"

To test timeout, set the timeout time of a packet to 1 nanosecond, verify that the packet is timed out, and check the timed-out posts:

planetd tx blog send-ibc-post blog channel-0 "Sorry" "Sorry Mars, you will never see this post" --from alice --chain-id earth --home ~/.earth --packet-timeout-timestamp 1

Check the timed-out posts:

planetd q blog list-timeout-post

Results:

TimeoutPost:
  - chain: blog-channel-0
    creator: cosmos1fhpcsxn0g8uask73xpcgwxlfxtuunn3ey5ptjv
    id: "0"
    title: Sorry
pagination:
  next_key: null
  total: "2"

You can also send a post from Mars:

planetd tx blog send-ibc-post blog channel-0 "Hello" "Hello Earth, I'm Alice from Mars" --from alice --chain-id mars --home ~/.mars --node tcp://localhost:26659

List post on Earth:

planetd q blog list-post

Results:

Post:
  - content: Hello Earth, I'm Alice from Mars
    creator: blog-channel-0-cosmos1xtpx43l826348s59au24p22pxg6q248638q2tf
    id: "0"
    title: Hello
pagination:
  next_key: null
  total: "1"

Congratulations 🎉

By completing this tutorial, you've learned to use the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC).

Here's what you accomplished in this tutorial:

• Built two Hello blockchain apps as IBC modules
• Modified the generated code to add CRUD action logic
• Configured and used the Ignite CLI relayer to connect two blockchains with each other
• Transferred IBC packets from one blockchain to another